GENDER AND RELIGION: GENDER AND AFRICAN RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS Gender has been variously defined in diverse contexts. . African Republic, Sudan, Nigeria, Mali, DRC Congo, Israel and Palestine. A mosque in Kwekwe. In general, people communicate with Mwari through the vadzimu (Shona), or amadhlozi (Ndebele). Ibid. People were afraid to cheat on other people. Research was done on 30 n’angas from 7 suburbs of Harare that were interviewed personally at their place of practice in 1987. The traditional African religions or traditional beliefs and practices of African people are a set of highly diverse beliefs that includes various ethnic religions. KEY WORDS: pregnancy, birth rites, naming rites, puberty rites, ritual . The Muslim community consists primarily of South Asian immigrants (Indian and Pakistani), a small number of indigenous Zimbabweans, and a very small number of North African and Middle Eastern immigrants. It is believed that marriage in African Traditional Religion is a communal rather than an individual affair, this is because the role of relations created affect the whole family and not individuals. @inproceedings{Mabvurira2016InfluenceOA, title={Influence of African Traditional Religion and spirituality in understanding chronic illnesses and its implications for social work practice:a case of Chiweshe Communal lands in Zimbabwe}, author={V. Mabvurira}, year={2016} } Christianity in Africa and in most parts of Africa (even in India) was a precursor of colonisation. of traditional African religion alongside their professed beliefs. So normally we refer to African Traditional Religions in the plural, and it’s simply summarized or … African Traditional Religions. This is a difficult task because in the literature the subject of the Afri-can's religion is clouded by many diverse opinions. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. To learn more, view our, The Demise of the Inhuman Afrocentricity Modernism and Postmodernism, Anténor Firmin, the ‘Egyptian Question’ and Afrocentric Imagination by Celucien L. Joseph, Beyond Intellectual Construct to Policy Ideas: The Case of the Afrocentric Paradigm, CHRISTIANITY AND AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION IN KUMASI: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Department of General Art Studies, Molefi Asante and The Cultural Turn in Intercultural Communication. When we speak of African Traditional Religion, we mean the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Africans. The ownership of land by our ancestors is the main link between politics, religion and spirituality in Zimbabwe. 3 The importance of religion was captured by the Constitutional Court in Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie; The African traditional portrayed in African religions. In this second edition, Dr Mbiti has updated his material to include the involvement of women in religion, and the potential unity to be found in what was once thought to be a mass of quite separate religions. Traditional African education: Its significance to current educational practices with special reference to Zimbabwe. The people were born, nurtured and they grew in it. The purpose of this study was to critically examine three different approaches to educational provision in Zimbabwe during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. The maintenance of this balance and harmony is humanity’s greatest ethical obligation and determines the quality of life (Magesa 1997:73). This article examines some of the beliefs and practices underlying traditional African religion's attitudes to nature with reference to Shona religion of Zimbabwe. In Karanga indigenous religion in Zimbabwe: health and well-being, Prof. Tabona Shoko analyses the traditional Karanga views of the causes of illness and disease, mechanisms of diagnosis at their disposal and the methods they use to restore health, Shoko discusses the views of a specific African Independent Church of the Apostolic tradition. Oral literature encompasses fables, folktales, legends myths and proverbs. African Traditional Religion is not essentially idolatrous, but it has a tendency to become so if the cult and the symbols of the divinities are so emphasized as to exclude the Supreme Being. For many Africans and Ghanaians, in particular, it is religion more than anything else that shapes their worldview and participation in social life6. (stories). Reynolds, P. Dance Civet Cat: Child Labour in the Zambezi Valley , 1991. Before the arrival of Christianity, Islam and the other foreign religions, people were afraid to take other people's wives. In the African Traditional Religion there is an idea of marriage. Traditional African beliefs are much older and have been practiced in Zimbabwe longer than any other religion in the country. Everyone is in fact a religious carrier. The study participants reported that chronic illnesses are caused by avenging spirits, ancestors calling a person, witchcraft, failure to honour one’s ancestors, globalisation and modernisation. African Traditional Religion (ATR) and cultural practices in most parts of African communities are environmentally friendly and sustainable, contributing so much to natural resource sustainability and conservation (International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 1992). The traditional spiritual beliefs of the Chewa people of Zambia, for example, are human-centered and socially oriented. African culture, tradition and custom, and what is a colonial or imperial construct which is now regarded as African culture, tradition and custom. Missions were launched in Zimbabwe and there was the first time the country was introduced to Protestantism. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Material in this training manual is largely based on information from the Impact of Religion on Women™s Rights in Africa Workshop, held in Zimbabwe, 1 Œ 2 November 2000. Contemporary African culture is a mixture of traditional elements and alien features. The San religious art of Zimbabwe and South Africa can be linked strongly to neuropsychological findings in trance. Although African traditional religion is not against a Western medical way of treatment or healing process, its followers believe that there are some diseases that Western medicine cannot treat, and therefore need spiritual attention, as it is sometimes practiced in churches. Magesa Laurenti, African Religion (New York: Orbis Books,1997), 172-173. Although a substantial portion of the Zimbabwean population today belongs to a Christian congregation or church, people retain many of the traditional customs and beliefs in traditional religion such as Shona or Ndebele religions. POLICING AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION AND CULTURE IN THE METHODIST CHURCH IN ZIMBABWE. The religion of the San people, or Bushmen, of southern Africa consists of a spirit world and our material world. The traditional African religions or traditional beliefs and practices of African people are a set of highly diverse beliefs that includes various ethnic religions. He is a renowned author with several Shona plays and academic books to his credit. There are a wide variety of Protestant Churches in Zimbabwe, including the Anglican, Methodist, Evangelical, Lutheran, Pentecostal, Reformed, Jehovah Witness and Seventh-Day Adventist churches. Carothers (1940), a much quoted authority on the African mind, when speaking of the religion of the Republic of Zimbabwe. Theology and Ethics), at the University of Kwazulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus). Abstract. In Zimbabwe, San religious concepts are similar to those of South Africa, however the eland is replaced by the elephant and other animals. Western culture now is regarded as frontline civilisation. ZINATHA welcomed the amendment for differentiating negative witchcraft from traditional beliefs and enabling traditional healers to operate more openly, without fear of either witch hunters or prosecution. RELIGION AS A PERCENTAGE OF WORLD POPULATION: 1.3 percent OVERVIEW. There is the Shona and Ndebele religions in which God is seen as the creator of the universe and is believed to … This paper seeks to examine how Africans conceive of the Supreme Being, divinities and spirits. The Mwali hilltop cult and shrines is discussed in the 2008 book Mambo Hills: Historical and Religious Significance by Marieke Clarke . African traditional religion was found to be central in understanding chronic illnesses among the study participants. John S. Mbiti explains that though the knowledge of God as the Supreme Being is not 13 numbers of adherents of African religion. In Shona religion, in addition to the guarding characteristics of the vadzimu, there are also avenging or evil spirits, ngozi, and witches who communicate with them. Unhu (equivalent to Zulu “Ubuntu”) is a humanist philosophy often summarized as “I am what I am because of who we all are.” There is an Unhu facebook page. Ancestral spirits occupy a central and important position in the African traditional religion. extreme north-east of Zimbabwe, where I originally did fieldwork in 1968-70, and with which I have kept in touch since, including a couple of briefer studies since the war. Under this new framework, spoken words alone would no longer be considered a witchcraft practice or evidence of illegal activity. The Ngomakurira Mountain in the Chinamhora Communal Land. Mambo Hills is northeast of Bulawayo. Since Christians in Zimbabwe have given the name Mwari to the biblical God, the fuller view of Mwari has important ramifications for Christian theology and ministry. One study (abstract) revealed that the teaching of this subject faces challenges in primary schools. BY GREENWELL CHIGOVA 215000256 Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics (incl. Zimbabwe’s Education Ministry recommended the teaching of African Traditional Religion in schools in recognition of its multi-religious society. FOUNDED: 200,000–100,000 b.c.e. They counteracted various derogatory names given to AIR. Some have pentecostal components but some do not (e.g. THE PLACE OF AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION IN INTERRELIGIOUS ENCOUNTERS IN SIERRA LEONE SINCE THE ADVENT OF ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY by PRINCE SORIE CONTEH submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY In the subject RELIGIOUS STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF G J A LUBBE APRIL … Inter-religious relations, especially, among African Traditional Religion (ATR) worshippers, Muslims and Christians are becoming sources of social tension and violence. Traditional African Beliefs in Zimbabwe. on account of the persistent marginalisation of African Traditional Religion (ATR) in Sierra Leone by Islam and Christianity, to investigate the place of ATR in inter-religious encounters in the country since the advent of Islam and Christianity. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The purpose of this study was to critically examine three different approaches to educational provision in Zimbabwe during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. Religion in Zimbabwe‘s 2012 estimate of religious identity in Zimbabwe is: Christianity (including syncretic forms): 85%, about 10,200,000 (Apostolic 33%, Pentecostal 17%, Protestant 16%, Roman Catholic 10%, Other Christian 8%) African traditional religions: 3%, about 320,000. “Women and Ecology in Shona Religion” by Isabel Mukonyora of the Univ. African ways of doing things became primitive, archaic and regrettably unacceptable in public domain. Similarly God may be known 1 Ajah, Paul O, African Traditional Religion. lasting peace solutions in Zimbabwe (Sabera, 2007a). Zimbabwe's Education Ministry recommended the teaching of African Traditional Religion in recognition of its multi-religious society. To enter the spirit world, trancing has to be initiated by a shaman through the hunting of Power animal. For this entry, however, gender may be understood to refer to defined capacities and attributes assigned to persons based on their alleged sexual characteristics. 13 numbers of adherents of African religion. Examples of African traditional religion or philosophy in Zimbabwe include: The Mwali hilltop cult and shrines is discussed in the 2008 book Mambo Hills: Historical and Religious Significance by Marieke Clarke (reviews). Both are called ancestral spirits. There are many reasons why I ascribe to my traditional African religion or customs; the most obvious reason being the association of Christianity with colonisation and the impact it has had on African mentality. Chrispen Matsika, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Abstract. Traditional African cultural practices paved the way for foreign way of doing things as Africans became fully ‘westernised’. Traditional medicine is the source of primary care for many  Zimbabweans. It will be argued that the primogeniture rule8 is not an original African cultural principle but a colonial and imperial construct. African Religion and its Influence on Christianity and Islam Traditional African religion has been the basis of spirituality for the people of Africa. the Independent African Church). And therefore it’s nearly impossible to talk about African Traditional Religion as if it exists as a single coherent body of beliefs and practices which can be identified as “African religion”. In 1795, the London Missionary Society was founded to promote the spread of Protestantism into Africa and Asia. produces new dimensions of African traditional religion. African culture has experienced rapid change since the colonial invasion. The various divinities that are represented are in fact technically representatives or servants of the Supreme Being. Africa, the place of origin of all humankind, is divided into numerous political and cultural regions, reflecting its diverse range of histories, ethnicities, languages, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Zimbabwe Religion Religion plays an important role in Zimbabwe culture. The same can be said of the African Pentecostal churches’ spirituality. And we agree with Professor Idowu that the purpose of the study should be: When we speak of African Traditional Religion, we mean the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Africans. The best interpreter of African Religion is the African with a disciplined mind and the requisite technical tools. However, an investigation of the relation of Mwari to the earth, where women function as creative agents, produces new dimensions of African traditional religion. “The Marumbi Rain cult: Gender and the interface between rainmaking and the politics of water in Gutu” by Joseph Mujere of the U. of Zimbabwe (pdf). The colonisation of Africa brought many changes to African traditional models of justice to the extent that resolving conflicts using indigenous systems has become a problem that needs to be researched about (Ndiaye, 2012). It is also important for social workers to recognise African taboos, traditional social safety nets, communitarianism, The Anglican, Methodist, Evangelical, Seventh-Day Adventist and Reformed churches set up t… Traditional African Beliefs. African Traditional Religion cannot easily be studied by non-Africans. A 2006 amendment to the colonial Witchcraft Suppression Act (WSA) criminalized witchcraft practices only if intended to cause harm. Traditional Healers and Childhood in Zimbabwe , 1996. C.N Nwadiokwu, 2E.S Nwadiokwu, 3E.N Favour, 4M.E Okwuazun 1 ... made mention of the various ceremonies which accompany puberty and its significance in African traditional religion. Masiiwa R. Gunda, “Christianity, Traditional Religion, and Healing in Zimbabwe.” Swedish Missiological Themes 95, no. The religious beliefs, practices and the€human characteristics (such as love, power, knowledge) are transferred to an€speak of African Traditional Religion we mean the indigenous religion of the Africans. Islam is the religion of less than one percent of the population of Zimbabwe. To Mbiti (1969), African Religions and Philosophy is a systematic study of the attitudes of mind and belief that have evolved in the many societies of Africa and affects the way of life of most African people. There are many different indigenous beliefs, the most common is Shona, and 25% of the population is Christian. Some of the traditional African beliefs include the Shona and Ndebele regions. While there are minor political parties, Zimbabwe has effectively been a … Zimbabwean academic Nisbert Taringa's (2006) question-"How environmental is African traditional religion? Mambo Hills is northeast of Bulawayo. The Zimbabwe African National Unity party led by Robert Mugabe won the majority of seats and took over the government in April 1980. South Africa borders it to the south, Mozambique to the east and northeast, Zambia to the northwest, and Botswana to the west and southwest. 1Editor’s note: See the comments on … The vadzimu are believed to constitute an invisible community within the community of the living, always around their descendants, caring for them and participating in their joys and sorrows. ZINATHA also stated that the amendment would facilitate the prosecution of unlicensed traditional healers. Religion in Igbo traditional society partakes fully of all the features of world traditional religion, including its beliefs, sacred myths, oral qualities, strong appeal to the hearts of adherents, high degree of ritualization, and possession of numerous participatory personages such as officiating elders, kings, priests, and diviners. The fact that there are no written scriptures by the votaries of African traditional religion, does not in any way mean that the concept of the Supreme Being does not exist in their ontology. ZINATHA officials estimated that 80 percent of the population consult traditional healers during the year. So instead, what we try to do is develop a cosmological framework or a theoretical framework that brings together many of the broad concepts and relations that are descriptively present in much of African Traditional Religion. These are the deceased ancestors. Census 1992: Zimbabwe National Report , 1994. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. The African traditional religion or voodoo has helped us a lot especially in shaping our moral standards and giving us a sense of identity. It originated from the soil of Africa. RelZim.org articles about traditional religions in Zimbabwe. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. At the theoretical level, assuming a romantic view of Shona attitudes to nature, it is possible to conclude that Shona traditional religion is necessarily environmentally friendly. Zimbabwe is the land of our forefathers and that land was passed to us by the forefathers. N’angas (traditional healers)are consulted for their political and religious powers along with their healing powers.The Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers Association (ZINATHA)  is officially recognized by the government and has a constitution along with departments of education and research. Guardian spirits are family oriented while territorial spirits are clan/community oriented. There are 18 in the capital city of Harare, … Chrispen Matsika, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Global Worship and Communion Miracle Service, Spiritual Spectacles Night of Remembrance, Video: Mudiwa Mutandwa performs ‘Ndaita Mari’, Video: Zim Anglicans return to Harare cathedral, Video: A walk through St. Paul´s Secondary High School in Musami, Prophet Freddy hosts prophetic conference, Pastor in court for fondling congregant’s private parts. There are mosques located in nearly all of the larger towns. I have described the main features of Shona religion … The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898– 1930 , 1970. Christianity did not come easily into Zimbabwe. Please send comments, corrections, additions to, Every year towards the beginning of the rainy season, Chief Hobodo, as the custodian of, Pentecostal and African Initiated Churches, articles about traditional religions in Zimbabwe, Special Coverage of the Anglican Crisis in Zimbabwe, Anglican Church of the Province of Zimbabwe, Jehovah’s Witnesses Provincial Convention. Traditional African beliefs have been practiced for a longer time in Zimbabwe and they are older than any other religious belief in the country. Some scholars claim that African Independent Churches are syncretistic in that they combine indigenous African religion with Christian beliefs, but the degree to which this occurs is varying. of Zimbabwe (pdf). All prayerful and peace loving Zimbabweans Welcome! Every year towards the beginning of the rainy season, Chief Hobodo, as the custodian of Kalanga religion and customs, sends a delegation of amawosana (people with rain-making spirits) to the Njelele Shrine to go and ask for some rains from Mwali (a spirit speaking from a rock in Njelele) on behalf of the community. More stories. traditional Africa was the oral literature. Africology journal of Pan-African Studies, 2014, Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. In addition, the religion also deals with ideas, skills, arts and rituals of a given people in a given period and these activities inform the culture of people. Religion, being a way of life, is intertwined with the culture and civilization of a people and accounts for a worldview peculiar to the African people. 3 (2007). It is a tolerant, accommodative and peaceful religion that fights those that attack it. Seven years later, that party and the Zimbabwe Africa People's Union merged. Examples of African traditional religion or philosophy in Zimbabwe include: Mwali Religion. Religious intolerance is a significant factor in this sad state of affairs. Most n’angas say they are possessed by a healing spirit which they invoke while treating the patient. The African continent experienced its own form of training and learning before it was colonized and even before the arrival of the missionaries. Shona Mwari (literally “He who is”), or Ndebele uMlimu, is believed to be active in the everyday lives of people. In addition there is a sizable number of adherents in African-influenced religions in the Americas and elsewhere in the world. A descriptive survey design was used. (Uburu: Truth And Life Publication Ltd, Ohaozara, Ebonyi State Nigeria, 2007), 73. hand with the study of the people who practise the religion. ——. Herbal remedies are used. This study sought to establish the extent to which African Traditional Religion is taught in primary schools, the challenges faced by teachers, and opportunities for promoting its teaching. Both of them view God as the creator of … Zimbabwe's Education Ministry recommended the teaching of African Traditional Religion in recognition of its multi-religious society. Marriage can be defined as a union of two or more people of the opposite sex. This page on “African Indigenous Churches” surveys those churches which are aimed almost exclusively at African converts, use local traditions more extensively, and have a healing focus on African issues like barrenness and bewitchment. African traditional religion is the belief system that has been handed down from one generation to another. "African Religions and Philosophy" is a systematic study of the attitudes of mind and belief that have evolved in the many societies of Africa. African Traditional Religion.ATR) to the two mission religions. It is the most popular for decoration and can often be seen printed on cloth or stamped on pottery.The rapid spread of Pentecostal Christianity and fundamentalist Islam has greatly affected the role of indigenous religion in African society. Strengths-based practice, which recognises African traditional belief systems as a source of resilience, should be recognised. In Shona and Ndebele religion, God, or the Supreme Being, is seen as the creator and sustainer of the universe in much the same manner as within Christianity. PDF | This paper focuses on the conicts between African Traditional Religion and Christianity. Local African culture was oppressed for many years by white South Africans, who find their cultural roots in … Spirit mediums communicate with the vadzimu on behalf of the people. —  Njelele Shrine, 35km south of Bulawayo in the Matobo Hills, is the most famous place of pilgrimage and rain dances for the traditional Mwali spirit. Islam and Other religions: less than 1%, about 80,000. Each of the approximately 55,000 members pays annual dues. This accounts for the varying figures that are sometimes seen in . Life in African traditional religion is based on maintaining the balance between the visible and invisible world. I shall also comment on religious symbols in wider Zimbabwean society. Traditional African education: Its significance to current educational practices with special reference to Zimbabwe. This accounts for the varying figures that are sometimes seen in . The Shona Religion M. Gelfand THE MEDIUM In this article I would like to attempt an appraisal of the Shona religion. RITES OF PASSAGE AFRICAN TRADITIONAL REGION 1Dr. But in the case of African Traditional Religion, we can’t do this because there are so many different varieties of ATR that are throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The concept of God, divinities and spirits in African traditional religious ontology has been so misunderstood by many scholars to the point of seeing Africans as people who did not know the Supreme Being nor worship Him. A 2006 amendment to the colonial invasion strongly to neuropsychological findings in trance an original African principle! 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